نشریه پایداری، توسعه و محیط زیست
سال یکم شماره 4 (زمستان 1393)

Stand-alone solar LED lighting solutions illuminate small and large trails as well as parking lots and recreational shelters located in areas too expensive or sensitive to run power lines. Since the energy is valuable, solar park lights can save cost over traditional park lights when installed in new or existing parks. Solar lighting systems are easy to install and include cost saving options of Connection to the grid, produce fewer greenhouse gases and desired light levels. In this study, 50 solar lamp bases are designed and lights were installed on campus. For economic and environmental assessment lights RET Screen software was used. The RET Screen International Clean Energy Decision Support Centre seeks to build the capacity of planners, decision-makers and industry to implement renewable energy, cogeneration and energy efficiency projects. Based on the results, the internal rate of return equals to 37/3 % and the simple payback time equals to 8/2 years, and the equity payback time equals to 4 years and during this period, 6.9 tons of greenhouse gas emissions has been avoided.

The aim of this study was to identify environmental impacts of small-scale renewable power plants for areas that are far from the national power grid and Compare the effects and costs. Therefore in this study, Sampling of air, water, soil and sound by EPA in a few chapters of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center conducted. The Delphi method is a group of 10-member of experts have rated effect of renewable power and with TOPSIS Scale a group of 12 the Grading and by TOPSIS method criteria were ranked priority. According to the results of environmental pollutants and comparison with the standard table, øFinally30 of the most important renewable power problems were identified in the Khojier National Park , That can be used to the high cost of solar power plants in the electricity production, Land occupied by solar panels (500 square meters of space for the amount of electricity generated by the solar panels needed), Severe water shortages in the region and the need for biomass plants to water (The ability to generate electricity from waste plant biomass due to the 2/7 kW) and so on. The management strategies can be to transfer of certain industrial activities outside the Khojier Research Center, Percentage of electricity supplied by renewable energy facility in conjunction with the existing diesel and increasing environmental activities Agricultural Research Center to help revive native plant species and native fauna breeding Khojir National Park to conserve the environment Khojier cited.

Ruin & demolition of natural landscapes because of the designer's unconscious interventions to natural boundaries and developments of incompatible activities which were in contrast with contextual properties, leading to a decline process. The process in which natural landscapes thatsomeday represented cosmetic sensation will be destroyed. This article, therefore aims to represent a model of designing process in these natural areas & landscapes in order to determine the limits of landscape designer's activities in natural landscapes, in one hand and in the other hand reaching to suitable designing based on cultural, natural and spiritual properties by employing our recommended process. For reaching the main purpose of this article (natural landscape design & invention principles), the general definitions of natural landscapes has been defined. Afterward typology of these landscapes and main landscape design paradigms has been mentioned to recognize the most effective invention & design paradigm. At the end the design process and invention ways is recommended based on the presented typology of natural landscape. It is noticeable that descriptive analyses research method within library surveys has been used. For intervening & designing in natural landscapes, first the type of natural landscape should be identified, then based on the importance of context natural values (according to belonging to one of the 4 categories: natural, cultural, natural habitats & natural vernacular landscape) the conservation, design and development strategies could be specified. These strategies should be adapted to aims and principles of each mentioned categories that will increase environmental quality & landscape sustainability.

This paper reviews and evaluates the environmental capability Zrass zone in Dehdez province for the development of intensive ecotourism. The Evaluation have been conducted method of systems analysis (Makhdoom) and AHP and with the help of geographic information system (GIS). In this study, using 1:25000 maps and using Arc GIS, taken were basic maps software from area. In AHP method used to determine the criteria of expert group judgment and criteria weighting with using special Matrix method and used was Expert choice software. To determine capability use focus tourism safe locations obtained were in Arc GIS. In accordance, appropriate regions have been specified using layer integration.In systems analysis then with overlay of information layers in Arc GIS, centered unit ecological map and table with single characteristics and to assess the regions and appropriate safe zone for using ecotuorism in the region. Through AHP method, Zarrazs, Bardkol, Bohouz regions were computed to reserve low to medium capability for the purpose of centralized recreation application, Se Ballut, Shaghaz, and Sartoof regions were computed to hold appropriate capability for this application.12.8 percent of region is suitable for outdoor recreation. The final map Obtained and help of system analysis method (Makhdoom), Area had 702 environmental units and any part of ecotourism is not appropriate.

With industrialization of countries and the lack of friendly innovations, developing countries will bear the cost of damage to the environment. Meanwhile, intellectual property rights (IPRs) as a legal instrument in maintain balance through compulsory licensing and other strategies work for the interest of third world countries. The aim of the study is to provide legal solutions to eliminate obstacles of technology transfer. a descriptive - analytical study of library and internet resources was used. First, a study of identification to technology transfer barriers was performed and after explaining the role of IPRs in technology transfer, mechanisms that have been proposed to facilitate access to clean technologies, was presented. Finally, the approaches of the international documents that can be used as a binding mechanism to transfer technology were expressed. The results of studies showed that although developing countries need strong protection of IPRs for the development and promotion of transfer and adequate infrastructure to absorb technology, but following the commitment of developed countries to transfer technology, many mechanisms due to the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities" of countries in environmental protection is provided.

The present research has been conducted inorder to organize and preserve Khoshk River landscape as the alive and dynamic ecosystem of Shiraz and on the basis of sustainable landscape designs. In the sustainable designing process of the landscape of Khoshk River, first, environmental, cultural, physical and social features have been studied, then further designing suggestions based on factors for designing a sustainable landscape such as protective and repairing, echologic and asthetic principals have been provided. These suggestions emphasize on protecting and improving natural landscapes and living variety of the region, removing inappropriate applications and bio- environmental pollutants from protective areas of the river, designing a suitable bed for migrant birds and designing in accordance to the natural limits of the river to protect natural landscapes of the river in one hand, and presenting experiences and outdoor recreational areas on the other hand. Finally, it is essential to e noted that descriptive – analytic procedure with some library research and case study as well as observation and interview procedures with survey studies have been used in the current research.